are a solid state device which works in how the resistivity of the material increases rapidly with increasing temperature, so they are self regulating. they are designed to be mounted in a HVCA unit in front of the blower fan, in combination, or replacing, the heater core.
water heaters
are generally work by heating up water that is flowing threw them, which is directed to the heater core inside the HVCA units. also useful for battery management in cold weather.
chevy volt water heater
heatpumps
are regarded as the most efficient type of heating in a ev. Isn't a electronic heater 100% efficient? yes, but heat pumps don't use the energy for creating heater, rather they use energy to source heat form else where. they become less efficient the colder it is.
ev heat pump system
seat heaters
seat heaters are a efficient way if providing heat in a ev, cheap aftermarket kits are available.
